The Misuse of Power and the Extent of Free Will Within A...

In both Nineteen Eighty-four and A Clockwork Orange, free will and the misuse of power are two intrinsically linked themes which are woven throughout and that govern everything that happens within both novels. The different reactions of different characters are an area that both George Orwell and Anthony Burgess focus on with interesting parallels between the two main protagonists, Alex and Winston. Winston and Alex, although very different, react in quite a similar fashion to events surrounding their circumstances. Their control over their own free will and use of power is evident from their actions. Within nineteen eighty-four, the limit of free will associated with each character is clearly evident. A character is bound only by the†¦show more content†¦It is clearly the exact opposite to Nineteen Eighty-Four, where many are punished throughout even for â€Å"thoughtcrime†. This shows evidently the contrasts between the two novels. In CWO, you have free will to the extent within which you can legally ‘get away’ with things or ‘twist’ the system, whereas in the latter, the expressed echelons of free will are as such that there is barely any space for private thoughts, and the state use fear and terror tactics almost to put their ‘minions’ into a submissive culture whom abide by the states every whim, thus showing a clear mi suse of power and a great lack of free will. This lack of free will is greater exasperated by the radical new languages within each novel. The radical new languages used in both novels, are clear indications of the perspectives that most be people upheld in regards to those who were in power at the time in which these texts were written. Delving deeper into the texts, Nineteen Eighty-Four’s ‘Newspeak’ is the clear product of a corrupt authoritarian governmental regime, within which every movement and action is controlled by the state. This is governened by a policy of ‘Ingsoc’ which states that â€Å"all knowledge rests in the collective mind of the Party†, thus meaning in reality that whatever the Party says goes. Any seemingly controversial or any that are even slightly evocative of producing independent thinking are abolished. It

Investment Risks and Discounted Cash Flow Applications - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2996 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Investment Risks and Discounted Cash Flow Applications You are the company accountant with a medium sized, privately owned company. The company has surplus funds which it does not believe it will be able to invest in company operations for at least five years. The majority shareholders are also the directors of the company and they do not wish the surplus finds to be distributed as dividends. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investment Risks and Discounted Cash Flow Applications" essay for you Create order A board meeting has, therefore, been called to discuss the proposal that the funds be invested in a portfolio of medium to long term securities. Three of the directors have recently attended a short course at the local university on Investment and the Management of Risk. They make the following comments at the meeting, based on their interpretations of what they have learned on the course: If we hold a portfolio of stocks we need only consider the systematic risk of the securities As a cautious investor we must always consider total risk We should not buy anything if the expected return is less than the market as a whole and certainly not if it is below the return on the risk free asset. Question 1(i): Explain to the members of the board the meaning of systematic, unsystematic and total risk and advise them about how all three types of risk can be measured. Reasons for Dissecting Risk Investing in securities is an inherently risky proposition (unless one invests in the risk free asset). Prudent investors are risk-averse (Damodaran 2002, pp. 70), and as such they need methods to quantify the risk associated with potential investments, in order to make informed investment decisions corresponding with their risk tolerance and objectives for return. Thus, the concept of risk needs to be reduced into separate elements which can be calculated. Total, Systematic, and Unsystematic Risk The total risk involved in holding any security has two distinct components: systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk refers to the risk of holding securities in general, and is also known as market risk (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe 2005 pp.275). This is the risk associated with macroeconomic variables beyond the control of any one company, and this risk measure serves as a floor for the amount of risk in a portfolio of stocks that can be eliminated by diversification (McAlister, Srinivasan, Kim 2007, pp. 39). When an investors portfolio is properl y diversified, this is the level of risk that such an investor should concern themselves with (Howard 2006, pp. 29). Unsystematic risk refers to the level of risk associated with a particular security, which can fluctuate greatly depending on the underlying value of the assets which the security represents (Howard 2006, pp. 30). For instance, while the economy may be rather steady at any given time (and a diversified portfolio would reflect such stability in its measures of systematic risk), an individual company may be undergoing dramatic changes which cause the company valuation to fluctuate wildly. Unsystematic risk is the portion of total risk that an investor in a diversified portfolio seeks to minimize. To illustrate the difference between systematic and unsystematic risk, one helpful analogy is the schism in physics between the smooth macro-level curvature of space-time at cosmic scales predicted by General Relativity, and the chaotic and unpredictable micro-level fluct uations of space-time at infinitesimally small scales predicted by Quantum Physics. At the scale of space-time discussed by Einsteins General Relativity equations, the effects of small-scale fluctuations are ultimately balanced out, and the picture of space-time is one of a smoothly curving space-time accentuated bent according to the gravitational effects of large masses. At the scale of space-time addressed in Quantum Physics, however, space-time fluctuates in such an unpredictable and chaotic manner that predictions become difficult, if not impossible (Feynman 1985, pp. 5). This corresponds to the macro-level systematic risk of the market, in which the volatility of individual securities is balanced out, leaving only the risk of the market as a whole, compared to the violent variances of individual companies at the micro-level which is measured by unsystematic risk. Total risk is a combination of systematic and unsystematic risk. Since unsystematic risk decreases asymptoticall y as stocks are added to a portfolio (meaning that the level of risk approaches, but never quite equals, the level of systematic risk), investors with properly diversified portfolios are most concerned with systematic risk as a measure of their total risk (Howard 2006, pp. 29). Investors with less diversified holdings should add the market level of systematic risk to the level of unsystematic risk associated with the securities held to compute total risk. Computation of Total, Systematic, and Unsystematic Risk Systematic risk, or non-diversifiable market risk, can be calculated as the average covariance of the securities in the portfolio (in this case, the portfolio should be considered to be a basket of stocks representing the entire market) (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe 2005, pp. 273). Total risk is the average variance of the security in the portfolio, and by definition (total risk = systematic risk + unsystematic risk), the unsystematic risk of any security in the portfolio i s the average variance of the individual security minus the average covariance of the portfolio (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe 2005, pp. 275). Question 1(ii): Discuss the directors comments If we hold a portfolio of stocks we need only consider the systematic risk of the securities This comment by the directors holds true, if the portfolio is sufficiently and adequately diversified. As mentioned above, a properly diversified portfolio creates a scenario in which the unsystematic risk asymptotically approaches 0, leaving only the systematic or market risk in the calculation of total risk. However, this assumes that the stocks selected in the portfolio are sufficiently diverse (Damodaran 2002, pp. 735). For an example, a diversified portfolio that includes a broad cross-section of securities from many industries can be considered more properly diversified than a portfolio which gives extra weight or emphasis to specific industries. Otherwise, there is an industry-specific leve l of risk that remains in the unsystematic risk of the entire portfolio. As a more concrete example, consider a portfolio that consists of a group of energy stocks and a group of petrochemical companies. No matter how many stocks are added to this portfolio from the group, the risk associated with petroleum price shocks has not been removed via diversification (while it is true that petroleum price shocks would affect the market at large, they would disproportionately affect industries in which petroleum is the critical input). The stocks in the portfolio must be sufficiently diverse for the effects of diversification to be realized as a reduction in unsystematic risk. However, if the stocks in the portfolio are assumed to be sufficiently diverse to account for a truly diversified portfolio, the statement made by the directors certainly coincides with financial theory, and should be applauded a sound understanding of the concept of diversification and its relation to investment a nd risk management. As a cautious investor we must always consider total risk This statement certainly rings true for the investment decisions of the directors, and demonstrates an understanding of both the impacts of diversification and the demarcation between the different types of risk involved in the total risk of an investment (Howard 2006, pp. 29). To support this statement by the directors, three scenarios will be used to illustrate the importance of a focus on total risk. In the first scenario, a hypothetical investor has no information regarding any of the components of total risk. The hypothetical investor has little knowledge of the inherent risk factors of the current market (no understanding of current levels of systematic risk), and has randomly selected a single security (perhaps by using the dart toss stock selection scheme). This investor may not understand that the market as a whole is in an upswing or decline, and has no information to understand how any random stock in the market at large should perform, on average. Thus, the investor has no information on systematic risk. This investor also selected the security at random, so the investor has no information regarding the proclivity of the particular security to fluctuate in value. Here, the investor has no way to deduce total risk, since the investor cannot arrive at a conclusion regarding either the systematic risk or the unsystematic risk. Any profits made by the investor in this scenario can only be regarded as the fortuitous results of chance. In the second scenario, a hypothetical investor has performed a thorough analysis on a particular company, and thus has a solid understanding of the companys earnings potential and true valuation relative to its market capitalization. However, the investor has not performed an analysis on the economy as a whole, and as such has no information as to whether macroeconomic conditions support or invalidate a decision to purchase the parti cular security in question. So, while the investor feels confident that they understand the unsystematic risk associated with the security, they have no information regarding the systematic risk of the market as a whole, and thus the investment decision based on their research may be ruined by a change in overall market conditions. Finally, in the third scenario, the final hypothetical investor has performed an analysis of macroeconomic conditions to concoct an investment decision. This investor, however, has performed no analysis of the particular securities they plan to purchase (even to see if they form a properly diversified portfolio). Thus, even though this investor potentially understands the systemic risk portion of their investment, they have no way of determining if they have eliminated the unsystematic risk in their holdings. They may very well be correct regarding the markets overall risk level, but if they do not eliminate the unsystematic risk associated with indivi dual securities, their efforts will also be in vain as they are still subject to potential volatility and additional risk based on fluctuations in the securities held. We should not buy anything if the expected return is less than the market as a whole and certainly not if it is below the return on the risk free asset. The first portion of this statement is incorrect, unless the board has decided that the return on the market as a whole is equivalent to their required rate of return. The level of expected return on the investment should be a function of the risk tolerance of the investors. If the risk of the market as a whole (systematic risk) is higher than the risk tolerance of the investors, the investors should seek to invest in the risk free asset, or at least include the risk free asset in the portfolio to achieve the level of total risk that best suits the risk tolerance of the investors (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe 2005, pp. 300). The directors have here made a very e asy mistake: equating the expected return on the market as a whole with the minimum acceptable return, without considering that even the systematic risk may be more risk than they are willing to tolerate. For instance, a troubling political climate or unexpected macroeconomic events may create levels of price fluctuations in the market as a whole which amount to risks that the investors are not willing to take. At such a point, the investors should seek to lessen their exposure by investing some portion of their holdings in the risk free security (to park their funds until the systematic risk of the market more closely mirrors their own risk tolerance) (Damodaran 2002, pp. 155). The second statement is correct. Since the return on the risk free asset is, by definition, devoid of either systematic or unsystematic risk, this is the minimum return that the investors should demand for their resources (Damodaran 2002, pp. 204). Any additional expected return should be balanced by the systematic risk associated with placing funds in risky securities. Investors in properly diversified portfolios should not expect any returns above market average, unless they are willing to assume some level of unsystematic risk as well. Question 2 (i): Why is it important to discount future cash flows? The Relevance of Discounted Cash Flows Valuation Models The notion that future cash flows should be discounted back to todays value by a factor equal to the opportunity cost of capital is central to the concept of the Time Value of Money. By discounting future cash flows by the opportunity cost of capital, we recognize the very real impact of financial decision-making (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe 2005, pp. 195). Cash flows in the future are worth less because if they were available in the present, they could be earning a return equal to the opportunity cost of capital (which is always greater than zero based on the existence of the risk free asset). A dollar held today is worth more than a dollar held in the future, because todays dollar could (at the very least) be invested in the risk free asset and be worth more in the future. Whereas if we have to defer our receipt of cash until the future, we should expect compensation relative to the opportunity cost of not receiving the money up front. This is the basis of interest payments, the time value of money, and ultimately this concept is the crux of all financial theory (Damodaran 2002, pp. 11). To forego discounting future cash flows is to assume that there is no time value associated with cash, and that there are no investments with positive returns (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe 2005, pp. 901). If future cash flows are not discounted, it becomes easy to lose sight of the potential returns that were missed based on the allocation of cash for a project. This will also skew the decision-making process and distort the perceived profitability of a project. The net present value (NPV) model allows inv estors to determine if a project makes financial sense based on their expected rates of return or opportunity cost of capital (Damodaran 2002, pp. 13). If the cash flows were not discounted, a project may look profitable in the initial feasibility study for the project, even though the project returns less over time than is expected by the investors, and the money would be better invested in other projects with a higher or positive net present value. Thus, discounting future cash flows allows quantitative models to presume that capital has other potential uses, and that a project should at least meet certain requirements for return over time before it is considered. As an example, consider a project which costs  £100, and is expected to generate  £150 in year 1. A similar project costs  £100 but will generate  £150 in year 2. Without discounting the deferral of cash flows in the project, they both appear to generate  £50, and both look equally p rofitable. In truth, however, the first project is more profitable, since the real profit over the time period in question is equal to the  £50 plus any profits that could be generated over the next year at the companys required rate of return. Thus, it is vital that future cash flows are discounted to make accurate decisions through financial analysis, or the opportunity cost of capital will be omitted from the final decision. Question 2(ii): Susie Lee owns the Lotus Blossom Bar and Restaurant. She is considering the following investment to upgrade the existing facilities. The cash flows for the investment are estimated as follows: End of Year Cash Flow ( £) 0 -(10,000) 1 10,000 2 20,000 3 40,000 4 50,000 5 30,000 Assuming the opportunity cost of capital is 12 percent, calculate the investments net present value. Based on your calculations advise Susie if she should undertake the investment project? Net Present Value of Upgrading the Lotus Blossom Bar and Restaurant Net present value is calculated as the sum of future cash flows discounted by the opportunity cost of capital (here, 12%) (Damodaran 2002, pp. 12). In this example, a  £10,000 investment yields five years of positive cash flows ( £10k year 1,  £20k in year 2,  £40k for year 3,  £50k for year 4, and a final cash flow of  £30k in year 5). All of these cash flows must be discounted to today (year 0), and if the sum of the discounted cash flows is greater than the  £10k cost of the project, the project will have a positive net present value and will make a sound investment for the Lotus Blossom Bar and Restaurant. The following table illustrates the present value calculati ons as performed on the cash flows, and summarizes by adding all of the projects cash flows to arrive at the projects net present value. Cash Flows Discount Formula Result Initial Investment (Year 0) - £10,000 =-10000 - £10,000.00 Year 1  £10,000 =(10000)/(1+.12)^1  £8,928.57 Year 2  £20,000 =(20000)/(1+.12)^2  £15,943.88 Year 3  £40,000 =(40000)/(1+.12)^3  £28,471.21 Year 4  £50,000 =(50000)/(1+.12)^4  £31,775.90 Year 5  £30,000 =(30000)/(1+.12)^5  £17,022.81 Total  £140,000.00 Net Present Value: Sum of DCF  £92,142.37 Even after considering Susie Lees opportunity cost of capital by discounting her expected future cash flows from the project, the net present value of the upgrade is overwhelmingly positive, and she is strongly advised to undertake the investment project (Boyes 2004, pp. 235). This project generates revenues well beyond her required rate of return. Generating  £150,000 in 5 years from a  £10,000 up-front investment is a very solid investment at a 12% required rate of return. In fact, the investment is incredibly profitable using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methodology, which yields the rate of return at which the project yields a NPV of 0 (Damodaran 2002, pp. 866). Solving for a zero value for net present value yields the following result: Cash Flows Discount Formula Result Initial Investment (Year 0) - £10,000 =-10000 - £10,000.00 Year 1  £10,000 =(10000)/(1+1.651814)^1  £3,771.00 Year 2  £20,000 =(20000)/(1+1.651814)^1  £2,844.09 Year 3  £40,000 =(40000)/(1+1.651814)^1  £2,145.02 Year 4  £50,000 =(50000)/(1+1.651814)^1  £1,011.11 Year 5  £30,000 =(30000)/(1+1.651814)^1  £228.77 Total  £140,000.00 Net Present Value: Sum of DCF - £0.00 In other words, until Susie Lee requires a 265.18% rate of return on her capital, this upgrade represents an extremely solid investment (Collis, Montgomery 1998, pp. 88). Works Cited: Boyes, W. The New Managerial Economics. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, Massachusetts. 2004. Collis, D. and Montgomery, C. Corporate Strategy: A Resource-Based Approach. Irwin/McGraw Hill. Boston, Massachusetts. 1998. Damodaran, A. Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset. Second Edition. John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York. 2002. Feynman, R. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. New Jersey. 1985. Howard, M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Accounting for Unsystematic Riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Financial Management. Sep. 2006. McAlister, L., Srinivasan, R., Kim, M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Advertising, Research and Development, and Systematic Risk of the Firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Journal of Marketing. January 2007. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. , and Jaffe, J. Corporate Finance. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York. 2005.

Scheduling Schedule For Your Supervisor - 851 Words

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Natural History Of Raptors Raptor Biology And Hunting...

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Human Essay Example For Students

Human Essay There are two things that make up a human: god and animals. Humans alone have morality, ability to know the principles of right and wrong behavior, and ethical judgment. Alexander Pope, Shakespeare, and Gilgamesh, these people and books, use concepts of human beings are: morality, divinity, and integrity. In todays world it is shown that humans are very easily divinity and animal. Concerns and perspective status of a person and behavior is what leads humans through life. One of these is which perseverance gives determination of a strong-minded person. A person leads himself with his or her own good moral conduct. We are different than animals in a way, that we can see happiness, while most animals cant. Economy is what lets you manage your household and private affairs. Prudence is the ability to govern and discipline oneself. Courage holds your mind and soul together throughout thick and thin. 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Animals just eat whether they are hungry or not, in the wild they could careless about anything else.Human condition is brought up here, where humans have to do more than just reproduction. Gods they control life, and learn, and as part of such, Humans must too. Humans now a days, go to school and college to learn. Shakespeare, in Hamlet, believes that humans move like angels. The mind of a human should be of the gods type. We have knowledge, tec hnology, and man made things waiting and built from us. That humans are like animals. We all came from the ground and we lay into the ground (ashes to ash, and dust to dust.), the quintessence of dust. Humans have structure their lives by morality and most of it is not by that ideal. We all help another in the time of need. Animals are aware of another in pain, but cannot help; they might eat the one in pain. In art, we can look at a stupid shape or circle, and see beauty of all kinds. Humans make tings for no real apparent reason of divinity. Animals walk everywhere just showing their bodies, and humans have the idea of clothing themselves for reasons unknown. We are animals, but the divinity (god) does not let us. Humans have Medical care, glasses, contacts, make up, drugs; animals have no such things. Animals die because of the down side, but the divinity we have does not let humans go to pieces for a little problem. Humans have the ability of time! Animals could care less.They w ake up, start the day, and go to sleep when the sun is going down. Humans do not like that, the god side of them has to extend itself past that, and stay up longer, live longer, and be stronger. .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a , .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .postImageUrl , .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a , .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:hover , .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:visited , .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:active { border:0!important; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:active , .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8834ba5d04075fd7720c775e5a857c2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deforestation EssayIn conclusion, humans have an urge to extend themselves past the animals to a hirer rank of human. Humans have the same body characteristics as animals; hair, bones, blood, skin, and faces structure. We have the urge of reproduction, sleep, food, and sense, but divinity has taken it hirer. Gods have time, minds, knowledge, technology, brains, and style. Humans have that too on the inside, but they also have the animals on the outside. So in general, we are stuck in the middle of divinity and creature.

Israel And Syria Essay Example For Students

Israel And Syria Essay The Struggle For Peace in the Middle East Continues The Golan region, whichlies between Israel and Syria, has been a place of much heated contention formany years. While the Middle East does seem in constant disarray, recent reportsare showing that Syrian people are not worried over the recent delays in peacetalks. Certain things are for sure though: Israel realizes it must return toSyria some of the Golan region, which it has controlled since the 1967occupation took place during the Six-Day War. Under recent United Statessponsorship, talks have only one month ago resumed and are still stalled for themoment, but it appears that both Israelis and Syrians are prospective that anagreement will be reached. It seems that the areas inhabitants are movingfrom warring to negotiating. The Golan Heights could be described as a desolateyet scenic stretch of land. The state of Israel was officially established in1948 with a northeastern border enveloping the Sea of Galilee and shadowing theweste rn edge of The Golan, a steep ridge belonging at the time to neighborSyria. The Golan Heights is about a 460 square mile area that is now occupied bysome 17,000 Israelis and nearly the same number of Syrian Druze who have nevergiven up their nationality. In 1995, Israel led many to believe that they wouldwithdraw from Golan in exchange for peace agreements and specific securityarrangements. The United States, realizing an opportunity to further stabilizethe situation in the Middle East in the interests of the world economy, haveceded a certain compromising attitude with Syria. Contrary to past relations,Syria has hailed the U.S. efforts at the negotiation table, citing the U.S. asbehaving less like a mediator and more like a partner with each of the disputingparties. I believe it shows that the U.S. recognizes the strife endured by theSyrians in the loss of this territory even though it happened over thirty yearsago. The Syrian government-controlled media has duly noted the recent A mericanactions. Syria has long awaited the chance to more directly enlist the U.S. government in resolving the issues. One Syrian media official commented, Inour political view, this means the U.S.A. is serious about reaffirming itscommitment to achieve a comprehensive and just peace. This is an example ofthe U.S. admitting its belief that Israel must give some to get some, even if itmeans giving something important back to once vehement enemies. Some of theissues at hand, on a more local level, include Syrian requirements for awithdrawal of Israel forces occupying southern Lebanon by July 7 of this year. Syria itself has 35,000 troops stationed in Lebanon. If forced to withdraw fromLebanon and the Golan region, Israel demands that Syrian support for themilitant Shiite Muslim group Hezbollah cease immediately. Northern Israel hasbeen subject to a multitude of attacks by Lebanese Hezbollah, including bombingsand rocket attacks. In addition to more peaceful relations, Israel is expectinga more diplomatic relation with Syria in an attempt to avoid a ?cold peacesituation. Finally, there is the issue of the Sea of Galilee and who will retaincontrol over the major water supply in the region. Many countries suffer fromcyclical water shortages and Israel wants a guarantee that no interference withthe sea and the Jordan River system will occur once withdrawn from the GolanHeights. With so much at stake, proper security will be required to oversee thephased withdrawal. Recently, Israel opted for a proposed early-warning radarsystem to be built in the Golan, and Syria has agreed to this so long asAmerican civilians man the site. Trade agreements are also at stake between thedisputing countries, as well as border control and movement across the restatedborder. This ever-evolving situation is a perfect example of how a relativelytiny stretch of land can affect the global peace process. To the people directlyinvolved, who live in the area, its all a matter of what government loyaltiesgo to, and pursuit of a way of life. Peace in this region though, could be astepping-stone toward ending a seemingly eternal struggle between the Arab andJewish populations occupying the region.